School of the Built Environment

Annual Research Report

2000

NAPIER UNIVERSITY

EDINBURGH

- SECTION 1: PHD AND MPHIL COMPLETIONS

- SECTION 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

> Civil Engineering Group

> Transport Group

> Building & Surveying Group

- SECTION 3: PUBLICATIONS

Napier University

Napier University is one of the largest universities in Scotland with over 11,000 UK and overseas students. As one of Scotland’s most advanced higher educational establishment, Napier’s excellent facilities are complemented by the limitless social and cultural opportunities in the city of Edinburgh. Napier’s strong international links and close ties with industry in the development of courses and work placements mean that 95 per cent of our graduates find employment or further study within six months of graduating.

Faculty of Engineering and Computing

The Faculty represents one of the largest engineering and computing group of academics within Scotland. The Faculty’s aim is to instill in our graduates a thorough understanding of engineering and computing principles, which will allow them to adapt to a rapidly changing technological environment. All courses are created in partnership with industry and are reviewed regularly to ensure that our students have the most up-to-date, high quality education possible.

School of the Built Environment

The School of the Built Environment is one of three Schools which make up the Faculty of Engineering and Computing. The School has 30 academic staff (four professors, six Senior Lecturers, 20 Lecturers, six Research Fellows and over thirty research students.

In the following pages, the School’s research activities and outputs for the year 2000 are described. Section 1 lists the seven PhD and one MPhil theses that were successfully completed. Section 2 contains brief descriptions of all projects that were active in 2000 (separated into the three main areas of activity corresponding to the School’s three subject groups: Civil Engineering, Transportation and Building & Surveying. Finally, Section 3 gives full details of all publications by members of staff and students during the year.

SECTION 1: PHD AND MPHIL COMPLETIONS

The following completed their PhD or MPhil theses in 2000:

PhD

Adarkwah Antwi | Urban land markets in sub-Saharan Africa: a quantitative study of Accra, Ghana
Alan Devenny | Recycling of demolished masonry rubble
Ian Hounsome | Development of design criteria for flexible ducts in trench reinstatements
Darren Keogh | An experimental investigation of the flow characteristics in open channel slot flow
Kevin Murray | Wavelet transform analysis of turbulent wake flow
Alberto Ndumu | Fractal based stochastic simulation and analysis of subsurface flow and scale dependent solute transport
Jamie Watson | The application of neural computing to non-destructive testing techniques
Allan Woodburn | The role of logistical structure in the development of rail freight services in Great Britain

MPhil

Metin Zagyapan | Monitoring of vibro-tamper compaction by non- destructive testing

SECTION 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

Civil Engineering Group

Wavelet Transforms for Low Strain Integrity Testing of Foundation Piles (EPSRC research grant, August 1998 – July 2000)

J. Watson, Dr. P.S Addison & Prof. Alan Sibbald

This project follows on from a previously EPSRC funded feasibility study. The research aims to develop wavelet based techniques to decompose non-destructive stress wave signals taken from in situ piled foundations in order to better facilitate their interpretation. The research is carried out in close collaboration with industrial partners Technotrade Ltd and Testing and Analysis Ltd (TESTAL), two testing companies who support the project by providing field data, discussion/steering meetings and system evaluation. Recent results using data collected from site has shown that low oscillation complex wavelets are optimal in highlighting anomalies within the structural element. In addition, new signal denoising methods have been developed specifically for the sonic echo traces based on wavelet transform modulus maxima techniques.

The images below show a sonic echo NDT trace taken from a foundation pile together with its associated wavelet transform plot. The scalogram highlights the location of the end of the pile as an obvious island in the top right hand quadrant of the plot. The investigators are currently using the wavelet transform as both a feature detection technique and a filtering device.

The images below show some recent pile integrity testing using our newly developed wavelet based system. The left image shows the testing of uninstalled piles with known defects and the right hand image shows the in-situ testing of piles on-site.

Analysing Helicopter Video Film of Congested Road Traffic (EPSRC research grant, March 2000 – July 2001)

Alberto Ndumu and Dr. P. S. Addison

This is a follow on study using helicopter collected traffic video images from a previous EPSRC grant. It aims to maximise the usefulness of the data collected in this preceding study. Using image analysis software the time dependent velocities and spacings of vehicles on stretches of road around Edinburgh have been analysed in order to extract dynamical parameters for use in microscopic traffic simulation models.

Wavelet Analysis of the Human Electrocardiogram during Ventricular Fibrillation (Funding: Laerdal Medical Foundation and Napier University, January 2000 – June 2000)

Tong Feng and Dr. P.S. Addison

This small grant enabled pilot work to determine the effectiveness in using wavelet transform techniques in the interrogation of ECG signals exhibiting ventricular fibrillation. The grant was matched with funding from the School of the Built Environment which allowed for a six month pilot project. The research is conducted in collaboration with clinical researchers in Edinburgh, Oslo and Vienna together with Laerdal Medical Ltd. In addition to a number of publications in both the engineering and medical literature, the work has led to the filing of a patent and the formation of a University spin-off company to commercialise the work.

Analysis of Concrete Cracking Using Fractal Techniques (Napier University: October 1998 - )

Lewis Dougan & Dr. P S Addison

This work uses fractal geometric techniques to describe material cracking in a quantitative manner. It can be shown that through fractal analysis a complete geometric description of the spatial cracking phenomenon can be produced in the form of an effective Fokker-Planck diffusion equation. In addition, it has been shown how crack patterns may be synthesised using a family of random fractal functions known as fractional Brownian motions. Recent results obtained from scanning electron microscopic images have shown evidence for a cut-off in the fractal description of cracked concrete. In addition, a prefractal renormalisation framework has recently been proposed by Dr Addison. This links the Euclidean geometry of at scales below the cut-off with the fractal description at higher scales to provide a method for the determination of crack energies which use the correct physical units.

Wavelet Analysis of ECG Arrythmias (Napier University: October 2000 -)

Nopadol Uchaipichat and Dr. P.S Addison

This work intends to further develop methods for the analysis of ECG signals using wavelet transforms. Both ventricular fibrillation (VF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) signals are analysed using new wavelet transform-based methods.

Wavelet Analysis of Surfaces (Napier University: October 2000 -)

Dr. P.S Addison and Annie Nyander

This work, which is at a very early stage, seeks new wavelet transform-based methods of characterisation of rough surfaces. The work will focuss on both the characterisation of river sediment surfaces before and after flood flows and cracked concrete elements exhibiting fractal scaling.

Load Transfer Mechanisms in Punched Metal-Plate Connected Timber Trusses (Kuwait Government: October 1998 - )

N.A.H. Abdulrahman and Dr A. Kermani

The design-analyses of timber trusses with punched metal-plates connections are based on the assumption that joints behave as pins due to the concentration of fasteners in a small area limiting the moment arm. Recent research studies have shown that the punched metal-plate connections can possess considerable moment and shear capacities and a second market has been evolved implementing the use of punched metal-plate connectors to produce long length continuous beams where lapping is eliminated. This study has aimed to explore the moment and shear capacities of punched metal-plate connections and hence to implement their semi-rigid characteristics in analysis-design process. A number of testing methods and apparatus has been developed and tests carried out on specimen joints to determine the effects of different connection configurations and material properties on the translational and rotational characteristics of timber truss systems.

Translational and Rotational Characteristics of Nailed/Dowel-Type Timber Connections ( Napier University: October 1999 - )

A. Porteous and Dr. A. Kermani

This research studies the economic viability of the implementation of semi-rigid characteristics of nailed/dowel-type joints in timber structures, with respect to the level of translational and rotational rigidities. The core objectives include: i) assessment of the influence of short and medium term loading on the behaviour of the joints; ii) development of empirical/mathematical models capable of simulating their semi-rigid and rheological behaviour and iii) development of a reliable method of assessing semi-rigid and rheological behaviour of the connections and hence, design guidance.

Reliability Analysis Applied to Behaviour of Timber Structures (Napier University Research Studentship, January 1997 - )

I Drummond, Dr A Kermani and Dr S C Wamuziri

The non-deterministic nature of properties of timber and of the loading process necessitates stochastic methods for analysis, design and prediction of the behaviour of timber structures. This research has aimed to develop improved methods for durability design of timber structures using reliability analysis methods. The time-dependant nature of timber failure, including load-duration effects and creep deformations of continuously loaded timber structures has been considered. In this research, the reliability of a series of structural systems is obtained by examining the safety of the components which constitute the failure sequence of the system. The overall aim which was to develop an approach for assessing reliability of timber structures without use of a global limit state functions for the structural systems, has been achieved and the candidate is currently finalizing his thesis.

Recycling of demolished masonry rubble (Napier University Research Studentship, August 1996 – January 2000)

Dr. F. M. Khalaf and A. DeVenny

The project investigated the possibility of recycling demolished masonry rubble, mainly as the aggregate in new concrete. The research looked at the effects of using a recycled crushed brick as aggregate in concrete compared with the use of a primary aggregate (granite). This included: (i) investigating the use of different brick types as crush aggregate in terms of their physical properties and their performance as course aggregate in new concrete, (ii) studying different ways of curing concrete made with recycled aggregate, (iii) a durability study using abrasion techniques on concrete made from recycled masonry aggregates, (iv) fire-resistance of the new concrete, (v) studying the effects of impurities in recycled masonry material on the properties of new concrete, (vi) looking at ways to improve the workability of recycled masonry aggregate concrete, and (vii) studying the use of different admixtures in the production of new concrete such as air-entrainment superplasticiser.

Direct Electric Curing of Mortar and Concrete (Napier University Research Studentship, January 1997 – January 2001)

Dr. F. M. Khalaf and I. Heritage

The project investigated the methods and problems of accelerated curing of concrete and mortar using electroheat. The main aim of the investigation was to develop curing temperature cycles which will provide adequate strength in the time available, have good durability, and minimise the energy supplied. Electricity was also used as a means of studying the effects of aggregate absorption on the hydration process of cement within freshly mixed concrete. The technique is based on passing electrical current at different frequencies through the concrete and monitoring the resistance and capacitance over time. The project led to the following: (i) the design of a new electrical power controller for curing concrete using electroheat, (ii) the development of an electrical model representing freshly mixed concrete used to understand and monitor the hydration process of cement over time, (iii) new experiments to measure the moisture content and the rate of water absorption in cement and aggregates using electrical techniques.

Virtual Instrument for Monitoring Curing of Concrete (Napier University Research Studentship, October 1998 - )

Dr. F. M. Khalaf and H. Campbell

The days of Electrical Engineers surrounded by single utility instruments to oversee or control electrical/electronic systems are quickly disappearing. With modern day requirements to make systems smaller and easier to operate, it has become necessary to find an alternative method of monitoring the Direct Electrical Curing (DEC) of concrete. DEC is one of the energy-efficient methods used to accelerate the curing of concrete by passing direct alternating electrical current at normal supply frequencies (50Hz) through the concrete. With recent developments in personal computers, it is now possible to greatly simplify any interface required to implement a virtual instrumentation (VI) system for the controlling and monitoring of curing of concrete using electrical power. It is anticipated that the proposed project will leads to the following: (i) The design of a new computer hardware and software to operate the electrical power controller for curing concrete using electroheat. (ii) Develop the most energy-efficient method of curing concrete. (iii) Electrical properties of concrete will be measured and monitored during the curing process using a previously developed software C3AMS (Comprehensive Computerised Control and Monitor System).

Use of Hydraulic Lime Mortar in Restoration and Conservation of Historic Buildings (Napier University Research Studentship, October 1998 - )

Dr. F. M. Khalaf and A. Edwards

Since Roman times builders have used a lime-based mortar for the construction of masonry structures. The use of these mortars lasted up until the discovery of Portland cement by Joseph Aspdin, a Leeds builder, in 1824. Since this time their use has died out. Ancient monuments, which have been restored within the last few decades have been repaired using cement based mortar. Unwittingly this has caused great damage to many of these structures as cement work as a barrier to stop the natural circulation of rain water through the stones and mortar joints and force it to circulate through the stones only. This in turn can cause the rapid decay of the stonework. This damage has been estimated at many millions of pounds over the last few decades. The aims of this research project are as follows: (i) examine in some detail the properties of limes available in the market, (ii) determine the rate and extent of carbonation of lime-based mortars, (iii) comparison between the properties of Pre-packaged limes and lime putty mortars, (iv) study the effects of adding cement on the properties of lime-based mortars, (v) determine the tensile and shear bond strength between the lime mortar and masonry units.

The Use of Recycled Construction Materials in Road Bases and Sub-Bases (Napier University Research Studentship, October 1999 - )

Dr. F. M. Khalaf and C. Abeyasinghe

Roads are a major consumer of aggregate in many countries. Previous experience has shown that the cost of aggregates is a major element of the final cost of roads. According to estimates published by the Quarry Products Association, about 30% of the aggregates produced in the United Kingdom were used for roads in 1996. Some 17% were used for new road construction and 13% for road maintenance works. Not surprisingly therefore, there is an environmental concern surrounding proposals for the quarrying of aggregates in the United Kingdom. Most central and local government bodies and some private sector companies have embraced the philosophy of sustainability and encourage their designers and engineers to specify use of alternative and recycled materials where appropriate. The aim of the research project is to evaluate the use of recycled materials in the construction of road layers. The anticipated outcomes of the research are: (i) to provide specification for the use of recycled construction materials in the design and construction of road bases, sub-bases and the other layers, and (ii) compare the results of test on asphalt mixes made with recycled materials to the ones made with primary aggregates.

The Recycling of Building Materials (Napier University Research Studentship and Roadstone Dublin Ltd, October 2000 - )

Dr. F. M. Khalaf and D. Byrne

The first recorded mixing of recycling building materials as aggregate with Portland cement was in Germany in 1860 for the manufacture of concrete products. Systematic investigations have been carried out since 1928 on the effect of the cement content, water content and grading of recycled aggregate. Although, the first significant applications of recycled aggregate only date back to the use of rubble from buildings destroyed in the Second World War. The aim of the research project is to evaluate the use of recycled materials in the construction of road layers and concrete mixes. The anticipated outcomes of the research are: (i) to provide specification for the use of recycled building materials as coarse aggregate or sand in asphalt and concrete, (ii) to compare the results of test on mixes using virgin aggregates with those made with recycled materials, (iii) to look at the cost implication of using recycled coarse aggregate and sand in new concrete or asphalt compared to the use of natural aggregate, (iv) to look at the possibility of producing new products by using the recycled building materials.

Accounting for Biodegradation in an Engineering Analysis of Landfill Settlement (Hanson Waste Management, through the Environmental Services Association Research Trust, January 1999 - December 2000)

Prof. I.C. Pyrah and Dr J.R. McDougall

The difficulty of accounting for settlement in landfilled waste, particularly that induced by biodegradation, has been recognised for many years and is a key constraint on future site use. Existing techniques of geotechnical analysis, which are well developed for the interpretation of stress induced deformation, do not lend themselves to the treatment of biodegradation induced movements. It is now widely acknowledged that environmental parameters such as moisture content are fundamental to the biodegradation process. More recent work has focussed on integrating the various aspects of the mechanical behaviour of waste refuse. A conceptual model of the volumetric state of waste refuse appropriate to a non-conservative solid material has been developed to enable a wider 'bio-geotechnical' interpretation of total settlement in waste refuse. This work has now attracted continuation funding for three years from EPSRC in collaboration with the University of Southampton and BRE.

Volume Change Behaviour of Unsaturated Swelling Clays (Napier University, October 2000 - )

Dr J. McDougall & Prof. I.C. Pyrah

The School of the Built Environment has invested in suction controlled volume change laboratory equipment. Currently, the equipment is being used to explore the shrink and swell behaviour of bentonite enhanced sands subjected to wetting and drying processes. The research is important to the performance prediction of both landfill lining materials and the buffer materials used as backfill in underground repositories.

Behaviour of Compacted Unsaturated Backfill Material (Napier University Research Studentship, August 1997 - July 2000).

G R Melville, Dr I. Smith and Prof. I. C Pyrah

In the field backfill material is generally placed in an unsaturated condition and if the fill is poorly compacted the material can fail in service due to the effect of wetting and drying caused predominately by climatic change. The work is investigating the physical processes which compacted soils experience when exposed to a regime of wetting and drying. Laboratory experimentation has provided data from which a model to anticipate likely swelling or shrinkage of Scottish glacial soils is being developed. It is envisaged that the model will be used to help engineers make an informed judgement in the field as to the compactive effort required to minimise swelling or settlement of fill material.

The Organisation, Economics and Introduction of Advanced Automation to UK Construction Engineering (EPSRC research studentship, October 1998 - September 2001)

M. D. Taylor, Dr I. Smith and Dr S. Wamuziri

Over the last twenty years, the concept of automating construction and civil engineering work has become a reality. Many traditional site tasks have been successfully automated, resulting in improvements in site safety, efficiency and productivity. However, the implementation of construction mechatronics will only be possible if the apparent risks and benefits are outlined clearly to potential UK investors. The programme is examining the pertinent issues associated with investment in advanced construction technology and the application of alternative appraisal methodologies. Model parameters are derived using historical market data and stochastic simulation. The developed investment methodologies will be supported with extensive sensitivity analyses. The state-of-the-art technology is reviewed to aid assessment and recommendations for transferable technologies. The research aims to demonstrate the potential value of automated construction technology opportunities and prevent myopic investment strategies through response to changing industry circumstances.

Risk Analysis Applied to Design and Management in Ground Engineering (Napier University research studentship, October 2000 - September 2003)

G Cameron, Dr I. Smith and Dr S. Wamuziri

Reliability and its significance in engineering is a rapidly growing field, especially in geotechnical engineering where only quite recently have explicit attempts been made to calculate and quantify risks. Calculation and prediction of the probability of structural failure and the ensuing financial and environmental consequences can be applied to proposed new structures or those already existing. Whilst probabilistic approaches have already been applied to geotechnical problems there is scope for the use of first order reliability methods and advanced second order reliability methods in many more geotechnical applications. The research is investigating the application of these techniques and appraising their value over the probabilistic approaches. When risks are large and the costs of absolute safety are also large, reliability theory becomes a key component in effective design and management.

Pipe-Soil Interaction in Trench Reinstatements (EPSRC research grant, PCDMA, Wavin Industrial Products Ltd, October 1996 – December 2000)

Dr. C. Fairfield, I. Hounsome and A. Reid

With the cable TV networks now complete in the UK this research project is coming to an end. Mr Hounsome’s PhD thesis has been examined and final amendments are at the checking stage. Mr Reid’s PhD thesis is now in preparation. The research focus is now shifting towards monitoring the duct-soil interaction behaviour in the long term with a view to providing failure probabilities and likely design life information. This project is in a state of abeyance until laboratory provision is re-established in the University

Monitoring Vibrotamper Compaction by Non-Destructive Testing (ICE R&D Enabling Fund, October 1997 – June 2000)

Dr. C. Fairfield and M. Zagyapan

This research combined NDT and soil mechanics by using the frequency of vibration of the compactor to monitor the density of the underlying material. Mr Zagyapan successfully defended his MPhil thesis in 2000 following field trials combining Napier University kit and spectral analysis of surface wave equipment from GDS Limited. Discussions are underway with Aperio (a Cambridge based specialist NDT contractor) to extend this research to use of ground probing radar for high speed road pavement surveys. This project is in a state of abeyance until laboratory provision is re-established in the University

Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Piled Foundation NDT (EPSRC Postgraduate studentship, October 1995 – December 2000)

Dr J.N. Watson, Dr. C.L. Wan, Dr C. Fairfield & Prof. A. Sibbald

This project is now complete. The field testing phase took place during 2000 and involved non-destructive testing of installed piles and concrete beams at the EPSRC’s soft clay research site at Bothkennar and on Testal Limited’s site (owned by piling contractor Stent) near Kirkintilloch. A successful, robust portable tool is now available for the rapid, accurate, routine inspection of piled foundations.

Development of a Code-Based GPS Land Surveying System (Napier University, Staff PhD, January 1996 - )

J R Chaundler

The current hardware and software package now forms the basis for running a 4th year module on GPS Land Surveying with students conducting a series of fieldwork and laboratory practicals. On-going development work is concentrated on reducing multipathing effects. To this end an in-house antenna is being developed incorporating choke rings to eliminate edge diffraction and circular polarisation to reduce single reflections.

Development of Risk Analysis Models for Decision Making in Project Economics and Management (Napier University, September 1995 - )

Q L Guo, Dr S C Wamuziri and Professor A Sibbald

Risks and uncertainties are inherent in construction projects. The effects of risk on project profitability indicators are of interest to lenders, investors, project managers and client organisations. Commercial software are available for analysis of risk. These tend to be based on Monte Carlo simulation which can be slow and expensive in terms of computing time. This project which is nearing completion examined the use of computationally fast and efficient methods such as the Modified Stochastic Model and First Order Second Moment Methods in analysis project risk. This work is the basis of Miss Guo's PhD Thesis which she submitted to the University in March 2001. An oral examination on the thesis is expected to take place in April 2001.

Strategy and Financial Performance in Construction (Napier University, October 1999 - )

Frank Delaney, Dr S C Wamuziri and I G Smith

Strategy and Financial Performance are two inter-related areas in corporate life. Because of the influence of the capital markets, strategy of large enterprises is now to large extent driven by the need to satisfy shareholder demands and city short-termism. Many construction organisations rather than increasing the capital employed through organic growth are now doing so through corporate mergers and acquisitions. This research aims to investigate whether size of the company is actually essential in delivering both short term and long term shareholder value. The work also aims to assess the profitability of the industries that form part of the supply chain to the construction process. The profitability of constructions markets in other developed economies will be examined including the viability of diversification into these markets from a UK company perspective. Improved models for assessing potential corporate insolvency specifically for the construction sector are being developed as these can assist senior managers in identifying potential take-over targets.

Transport Group

Green Commuter Plans: Do They Work? (Scottish Executive, October 1998-February 2000)

Dr. T. Rye and Dr. David McGuigan

This 18 month project for the Scottish Executive Central Research Unit finally reported in early 2000. The publication of the report was accompanied by a Ministerial visit to one of the case study sites in the project, Agilent Technologies at South Queensferry. The project concluded that Travel Plans can work in some circumstances but are by no means a panacea for employers’ and wider travel problems. A summary of the research can be found at www.scotland.gov.uk

The Organisation of Regional Public Transport in Central Scotland (Napier University Research Studentship, October 1997 – )

C. Moore, Dr T. Rye, Dr. J. Hine

This project is considering possible models of public transport organisation in Scotland. The project has reviewed models of organisation from elsewhere in the world and carried out empirical research with local authorities, operators and SPTE. Conclusions and recommendations for an ideal organisational type are now being carried out.

Environmental Management Systems and Green Transport Plans (Napier University Research Studentship, October 1999 - )

Ian Buchan, Dr T. Rye, J. Currie

This project aims to explore the parallels between EMS and GTPs, and to produce recommendations for the incorporation of GTPs into EMS. A review of Company Environmental Reports has been carried out to measure their commitment to including transport within their EMS, and further in depth questionnaire work is continuing on the same theme.

Modelling The Effects Of Cycling and Walking Policies (Napier University Research Studentship, October 1999 – )

Tim Ryley, Dr T. Rye, Prof A.Smyth

A research studentship exploring the possibilities and constraints of disaggregate modelling of cyclist and walkers’ travel choices at the local level, using Edinburgh and Belfast as case studies, and including innovative analysis of Scottish Household Survey data.

Transport and the Personal Taxation System (DETR, June - December 2000)

Dr. T. Rye with Open University (lead partner) and WS Atkins

This 2-part project was commissioned by DETR in collaboration with Inland Revenue and Treasury. It builds on earlier work by the team for London Transport. The work has reviewed and costed a variety of options for changes to the personal taxation system to stimulate the use of alternative modes of transport, both within and outwith the context of site-based mobility management (Travel Plans). Previous work by the team has directly informed changes in Government fiscal policy; recommendations from this report are now being considered by the client team.

Second Year Evaluation of Government Departments’ Travel Plans (DETR, October 2000 - March 2001)

Dr. T. Rye (lead partner) with Open University and WS Atkins

DETR centrally have commissioned this 6 month project to assess progress of Government Departments in meeting the White Paper commitment for all major sites to implement Travel Plans. The project includes evaluation of plans implemented in both 2000 and 1999, and development of a generic evaluation methodology to assess travel plans more widely.

Tools For Assessing Consumer, Business and Developer Responses to Sustainable Development Initiatives (EPSRC research grant, September 1999 - August 2001)

Prof. A. Smyth (grant holder), Prof. H. Kirby, Dr W. Saleh, J. Cooper and T. Ryley (with Dr J. N. Berry and S. McGreal, University of Ulster)

This project aims to develop new or to refine existing planning tools to analyse how travel demand, residential location and business location respond to transport supply policies, urban regeneration initiatives, housing supply location scenarios and business land use zoning policies. The research compares two cities of similar size, which formerly had similar densities and travel patterns, but which now reflect either end of the car dependence spectrum in the United Kingdom, namely Belfast and Edinburgh.

The Effectiveness of Local Transport Strategies in Encouraging Cycling and Walking (Napier University Research Studentship, October 1998 - October 2001)

P. Gaffron, Dr J. Hine and Dr. T. Rye

There is increasing recognition of the scope for increasing the use of walking and cycling for short journeys. A survey of UK experience and practice will be used to investigate the existence and effectiveness of measures and strategies aimed encouraging walking and cycling. The aim is identify best practice and barriers to policy implementation. The study will also seek to explore the different approaches to the funding of schemes and their justification.

PEDFLOW: A Tool to Aid the Design of Pedestrian Networks and Facilities in Urban Areas (EPSRC research grant, September 1999 - August 2002)

Prof. J. Kerridge and Dr. J. Hine

A new agent based model is being developed which allows the modelling of urban pedestrian environments at the microscopic level. The model will assist in the specification of levels of service, design of pedestrian / vehicle interactions, the layout of street furniture, the effect of different geometrical designs for pedestrian facilities and intermodal transport interchanges. The model will be designed in a way that will permit the investigation of what if analyses of new features in the pedestrian environment resulting from infrastructural change. Behavioural rules will be incorporated into the model from observational studies of pedestrian behavioour using video combined with questionnaire and in-depth interviews of pedestrians at selected case study locations. Observational studies of pedestrian movement and questionnaire surveys are ongoing. The work is based on a collaboration with City of Edinburgh Council, City of York Council and Halcrow Fox.

Auditory Location Finder (ALF) with Emergency Call Facility for Blind, Elderly and Visually Impaired People (EPSRC research grant, January 1999 - October 2001 )

Prof. H. Kirby, Dr. J.Hine, J. Sharp, Dr D. Binnie, D. Swan and J. Scott, with Prof. P. Aspinall (Heriot-Watt University)

The overall aim of this research is to develop and assess the impact of a system that helps the blind, elderly and visually impaired people know where they are. Called the Auditory Location Finder (ALF), it will provide users with a device that will give them information about their location in the built environment via a signal sent by beacons. The information will be conveyed to the users via an ear piece. Each beacon along a specified route is programmeable to a discrete geographical area. A prototype device and beacons has been developed and a test site established for the system. Preliminary work has also focused on user needs and the information that would be found useful to help visually impaired people negotiate the test area. Evaluations of the system are to be conducted over the next 12 months.

An Electronic Guide Dog - How New Technology Helps the Mobility Impaired (EPSRC Partnerships for Public Understanding, July 1999 - December 2000)

Dr J. Hine, Prof. H. Kirby, J. Sharp, D. Swan and J.Scott with Prof. P. Aspinall (Heriot-Watt University)

The aim of this project is to encourage public understanding of how new technology can improve independence and mobility amongst disabled and other mobility impaired groups, especially the visually impaired. This project provides members of the ALF team to increase public awareness of this work and its potential impact on society. The work will involve the direct involvement of visually impaired and blind folded sighted children, supervised by their parents and carers, in a programme of action days incorporating diary keeping, video-making and gaming. Children will also be involved in the testing of ALF. A programme of public lectures and action days has been planned. These are targeted at the public, local authorities health and social services, and incorporate an interactive demonstration of the beacon based auditory location finder. These events will seek to demonstrate the potential benefits and value to society of this project. A presentation on the proposed activities was made in March 1999 to a seminar hosted by EPSRC at the Royal Society in London.

Interchange and Travel Choice (Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, February 1999 - April 2000)

Dr J. Hine, Dr S. Stradling and J. Haynes, with P. Murphy (Oscar Faber) and Dr M. Wardman (ITS, University of Leeds)

This research seeks to improve understanding of the role and effect of interchange on individual travel behaviour and covers two groups of travellers of car users and public transport users. Whilst there has been a relatively large amount of work which has established the impact of interchange on public transport demand, this fails to distinguish between different types of interchange or to disaggregate the disbenefits into its constituent parts. The main objectives of this research are: to explore the extent to which the reality and perception of interchange deters public transport use, absolutely and in relation to other deterrents; to investigate how public transport users perceive interchange, how they make choices and trade-offs in travel cost and time and the influence of interchange attributes (e.g. information, through ticketing) on those choices; to assess which components of interchange act as the greatest deterrent to travel; and, to assess the extent to which interchange penalties vary according to journey purpose, distance and time of travel (or other factors). A literature review, focus groups and in-depth interviews have been undertaken, the next stage of work including stated preference surveys of public transport and car users is currently underway.

The Role of Transport in Social Exclusion in Urban Scotland (Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, October 1999 - January 2001)

Dr J. Hine, F. Mitchell and J. Haynes

The overall purpose of the research is to provide a better understanding of the role that transport plays in social exclusion in urban Scotland, and to identify appropriate strategies to improve accessibility to key destinations and improve the quality of life for groups currently experiencing social exclusion. Specifically the aims of this research are (1) to review existing empirical research on the contribution of transport to social exclusion (2) to examine the differential effects of transport ‘disadvantage’ on different groups in the population (3) to collect primary evidence on the nature of transport disadvantage in urban areas, including the peripheral estates of Scottish cities and to investigate its effects on exclusion, and (4) to identify and assess the available options for addressing the transport needs of socially excluded groups in peripheral estates. This work has been completed a full report on the household survey and a literature review have been produced.

Begging Questions: The Effects of Street People on Quantitative and Qualitative Levels of Service (Napier University Research Studentship, November 1999 - November 2002)

M. Carreno, Dr. J. Hine, Dr. A. Willis and Dr. S. Stradling

This study will run alongside the PEDFLOW grant awarded by the EPSRC under their Sustainable Cities Programme. The project will be concerned with the developing behavioural rules for different vulnerable groups of pedestrians in selected case study areas. The work will use observational techniques plus in-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys to support the development of behavioural rules for the PEDFLOW microsimulation model.

Road-Use Pricing Levels: Technically Optimal or Politically Feasible? (DETR research studentship, October 1999 - )

Séona Farrell, Dr. Wafaa Saleh, Prof. Mike Maher

Where price controls are used, a reduction in traffic flows into the controlled area is achieved and a revenue stream is generated. The underlying principle is that charges should be related to marginal social costs, including external costs. Therefore, an optimal road charge should reflect the difference between the marginal cost of trip-making and the average cost. That can only be achieved if a congestion-based pricing system is adopted. However, with other systems (eg. cordon-based systems) it is likely that the charging system would be phased in gradually with a low common charging level (to ensure public and political acceptance). Although this may achieve its limited targets in terms of reducing traffic congestion, it may also generate new traffic into the managed area from within the cordon and/or from outside the cordon (if the price of other modes of travel (eg. buses or taxis) would offer a cheaper alternative to the priced car trip). The main aim of the project is to investigate how the optimal implementation of road-use pricing schemes. To achieve that, a pilot questionnaire has taken place on a small sample of the population in the city of Edinburgh (UK). Also some network modelling have been carriedout using test networks.

Modelling the Effect of Technological Change on New Car Fuel Consumption (DETR, month 1999 to month 1999)

Prof. H. Kirby, Prof. T. Muneer, Dr W. Saleh, A. Esteves and B. Hutton (with the Department of Fuel and Energy, University of Leeds)

A model, called COFFIN, has been devised to estimate the effects of technological change on fuel consumption and on carbon dioxide emissions. Following a literature review and discussions with manufacturers, information on the effects and likely penetration rates of different technological options were used to modify the forecasts of an underlying trend model of fuel consumption rates of new cars. COFFIN is also designed for use with the Department’s Vehicle Market Model (VMM). However, the fuel consumption rates in the VMM are based on driving cycles that are no longer used, and those in COFFIN are based on the newer driving cycles. Therefore a methodology has been developed that should enable the different approaches to be reconciled.

Probit-based Methods in Traffic Assignment and Discrete Choice Modelling (Napier University, November 1997 – )

A. Rosa, Prof. M.J. Maher and Dr. W. Saleh.

This project aims at applying analytical methods for solving the probit choice function to develop a path-based model for Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE) traffic assignment with variable demand and a multinomial probit calibration program. Recent work has focused on testing several probit approximation methods and a numerical integration method, on applying them to investigate new path-based SUE algorithms and on using some of them in a probit calibration program to investigate the parameter’s retrievability and the possible multimodality of the likelihood function.

Stochastic User Equilibrium Assignment with Elastic Demand (EPSRC research grant, November 1997 - March 2000)

Dr. K-S Kim, Dr. X. Zhang and Prof. M. J. Maher

This project developed new, efficient algorithms for the solution of the Stochastic User Equilibrium traffic assignment problem with elastic demand (SUEED). The work builds on the results from a previous EPSRC-funded research grant on the development and testing of SUE algorithms, particularly with probit loading. New algorithms for solving the problem of SUEED have been developed, the simplest and most efficient of which is the Balanced Demand Algorithm (BDA). Tests on both hypothetical and real networks have confirmed that the algorithms perform much more efficiently than the well-known alternative of the Method of Successive Averages (MSA). The work shows that the solution of SUEED is no more difficult to obtain than that of SUE. Further work has been done in which the SUE assignment is combined with variable (as distinct from simple elastic) demand using the same basic approach.

Efficient Algorithms for the Solution of the Congested Matrix Estimation (EPSRC research grant, July 1998 - December 2000)

Dr. X. Zhang and Prof. M.J. Maher, with Dr. D. Van Vliet and Dr. Ronghui Liu (both University of Leeds)

The objective of this project is to develop methods for the simultaneous solution of the matrix estimation (ME) and assignment problems. The ME method is that of General Least Squares, whilst both UE and SUE assignment has been used. Two new algorithms have been developed and tested on networks of various sizes. These algorithms have also been used to solve the mathematically similar problem of traffic signal optimisation and assignment problem. The tests have shown that the algorithms are convergent and efficient. The matrix estimation algorithms have been implemented in the SATURN suite.

Obtaining a Global Optimum for the TRANSYT Performance Index (Napier University research studentship, October 1997 - )

T. Frame, Prof. M.J. Maher and Dr B. Paechter (School of Computing)

The purpose of the TRANSYT model is to determine the optimum signal settings in a road network such that the Performance Index is minimised. The conventional method is a simple but old-fashioned "hillclimbing" technique. This research investigated the performance of more modern optimisation techniques – in particular genetic algorithms (GAs). Although conventionally TRANSYT deals with fixed demand data, the GA approach adopted here allows readily for demand to be variable. With the inclusion of variable demand, signal optimisation becomes a non-linear, bi-level problem and the optimum settings are required to be in equilibrium with the user demands.

Development of Efficient Algorithms to Determine Minimal Revenue Toll Sets (EPSRC research studentship, October 2000 - )

K. Stewart, Prof. M.J. Maher and Prof. A. Smyth

This project aims to develop new efficient algorithms to determine toll sets which are required to produce particular desired flow patterns, specifically those producing system optimal flows whilst minimising revenue. The work builds on preliminary work undertaken for an MSc dissertation to develop a procedure to determine minimal revenue tolls for multiple origin networks which result in system optimal flow patterns, assuming deterministic user equilibrium. This work will be extended to develop algorithms to determine such toll sets in the case of Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE), and also to include elastic demand (SUEED). In all cases it is aimed to produce solutions which do not require full path enumeration. It is aimed to test developed algorithms on small test networks, and the Sioux Falls and Headingley Networks.

The Role of Logistical Structure in the Potential for the Development of Rail Freight Services in Great Britain (Staff PhD, 1995 – 2000)

A. Woodburn, Dr R. McQuaid and Prof M. J. Maher

The primary aims of this research (completed in September 2000) was to examine the interaction between logistical structure and freight modal choice, to determine the extent to which rail’s mode share can be increased. The approach adopted was a combined one, involving postal questionnaire survey and in-depth company interviews. Also, databases of rail freight flows were constructed and analysed for the years 1991, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000. Significant potential for modal shift was found to exist though obstacles were also identified for many types of movement, relating to both supply- and demand-side factors.

Building & Surveying Group

Statistical/Econometric Analysis of Primary Data of Sub-Saharan Africa Urban Property Markets: a Case Study of Accra (RICS Educational Trust, Staff PhD, 1997-2000)

A. Antwi

This project investigated the fundamental forces behind informal and haphazard property development in neighbourhoods of Accra, Ghana. This involved the design of appropriate research instruments, and the collection and analysis of primary data of informal property transactions in selected neighbourhoods of Accra. The field work was undertaken between 5 July – 10 September 1999 and yielded responses from some 275 households, 9 customary landowners and 8 real estate consultants in the market. Analysis of responses revealed, inter alia, estimates of the economic costs of government intervention in the land market of the city. The Final Report was submitted to RICS in September 2000.

E-Cham Project (Teaching Company Directorate and A Proctor Group Ltd, August 1999 – July 2001)

Prof. B. Sloan, B.K. Low and R. Hamill

The objective of this Teaching Company Scheme project is to implement improved business processes supported by strategic applications of IT solutions. The first phase (12 months) of the project involves the identification of IT needs within the company, purchasing of IT hardware and support software, together with the training of staff. The second phase (12 months) involves the establishment of a MIS to support the core functions of the company, together with an analysis of the needs of the company to establish an internet presence

ProC-E-Com Project (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Research Foundation, April 1998 - )

Prof. B. Sloan and B.K. Low

The objective of this project was to produce a leading edge report on electronic commerce and its implications for property and construction professionals. The output report was published in May 2000 by the RICS Research Foundation under their Research Review Series as 'Current developments in electronic commerce: What it means for the property and construction industry' [ISBN 1-84219-0148]. Further output was achieved in the form of a video programme for the Television Education Network (TEN) as part of their continuing professional development provision.

Building Environmental Quality Evaluation for Sustainability through Time (BEQUEST) Network (ECEnvironment and Climate Research Programme, Research Theme 4: Human Dimension of Environmental Change (Unit D.1.4 City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage), contract number ENV 4 CT/97-607.)

M. Deakin, Prof. S. Allwinkle

This concerted action aims to lay the foundations of a common EU understanding of sustainable urban development through a multi-disciplinary network of representatives of all actors involved in the provision, use and maintenance of the built environment. An integrated approach to built environment quality assessment is being developed which will help to reduce the environmental uncertainty facing decision makers in the development and infrastructure industries.

A Novel Solar Pre-Heating System for Positive Input Ventilation of Buildings (NuAire Home Ventilation, November 1999)

J.I. Currie

This work, carried out with NuAire Holdings Ltd, aims to develop a novel solar pre-heating system for positive input ventilation of dwellings.

The Design of Shallow Profile Walls for Reducing Sound Transmission (Teaching Company Directorate and the Proctor Group, 1998 - 2001 )

Prof R K Mackenzie, Dr M Stewart and C Steel

The project has investigated the effects of varying the geometry of wall panel laminates manufactured from rigid cellular foam and in particular the influence upon the flexural bending wave at the critical frequency. A patent was published in Feb 2000 and two new products ‘Proctor Microwall’ and ‘Proctor Refurbwall’ are now in production.

The Design of Impact Sound Resisting Floor Panels (Proctor Group, 1999-2001)

Prof R K Mackenzie and T Waters-Fuller

The project has investigated the use of flexible open-cell polymer foam arrays as a means of isolating impact sound in shallow profile hardwood floors. The research has been supported by a £25,000 grant from the Proctor Group.

The Modelling of Sound Transmission through Lightweight Walls Using Statistical Energy Analysis (S.E.A.) (Teaching Company Directorate and the Proctor Group, 1998 - 2001 )

Dr M Stewart, C Steel and Prof R K Mackenzie

The project has investigated the application of S.E.A methods to predict the sound insulation of ribbed wall panels. An MPhil thesis ( C. Steel) based upon the research has been completed awaiting examination. The work has been support by a £90,000 grant made under the Teaching Company Scheme.

A Review of Current Sound Insulation Performance in Scottish Domestic Construction

(Scottish Executive,( 2000-2001)

Dr S Smith, R G Mackenzie, Prof R K Mackenzie and M Adams

The project has investigated the sound insulation performance of walls and floors of existing Scottish domestic construction under current standards and those involving the new ISO rating procedure, with particular reference to the performance at low frequencies and the applicability of the C weighting term. The work has been supported by a grant of £10,000 from the Scottish Executive.

The Application of Open Cell Foam in the Design of Wall Panels for Improving Sound Insulation in Buildings (Dow Chemical Company, 2000-2001)

Prof R K Mackenzie and Dr S Smith

The project has investigated the use of semi-rigid, open cell polymer foam laminated to plasterboard as a means of improving the sound insulation of walls and floors. The work has been supported by £ 10,000 funding from the Dow Chemical Company,

SECTION 3: PUBLICATIONS

ADDISON P.S., (2000) The geometry of prefractal renormalisation: application to crack surfaces. Fractals, 2000, 18(2), 147-153.

ADDISON P.S., A.S. NDUMU and B. QU (2000) A fast non-Fickian particle-tracking diffusion simulator and the effect of shear on the pollutant diffusion process. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 34, 145-166.

ADDISON P.S., B. QU and G. PENDER, (2000) A fractal model of ocean surface superdiffusion. In: Paradigms of Complexity: Fractals and Structures in the Sciences, M.M. Novak (Editor), World Scientific, Singapore, 2000, pp147-145.

ADDISON P.S., J.I. CURRIE, D.J. LOW and J.M. McCANN, (2000) An integrated approach to street canyon pollution modelling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 65, 333-342.

ADDISON P.S., J.N. WATSON, G.R. CLEGG, M. HOLZER, F. STERZ and C.E. ROBERTSON (2000) A Novel wavelet based analysis reveals hidden structure in ventricular fibrillation. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 2000, 19(4), 383-392.

ADDISON P.S., L.T. DOUGAN and W.M.C. McKENZIE, (2000) The prefractal nature of concrete failure. 14th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, Austin, Texas, May 21-24, 2000.

ADDISON P.S., L.T. DOUGAN, A.S. NDUMU and W.M.C. McKENZIE, (2000) A fractional Brownian motion model of cracking. In: Paradigms of Complexity: Fractals and Structures in the Sciences, M.M. Novak (Editor), World Scientific, Singapore, pp117-123.

ANTWI, A. (2000), Economic rationality and informal urban land transactions: some evidence from Accra, Ghana. Proc. Cutting Edge Conference, RICS, London, 6-8 September.

ANTWI, A. (2000), Rent-seeking waste in urban land transactions in Accra, Ghana. Development Studies Association of Scotland Study Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 2 December.

ANTWI, A. and B. K. LOW (2000), Brains over Brawn.com, Estates Gazette, March 18. p. 131.

BROWN R.D., G. DRUMMOND and P.S. ADDISON, (2000) Chaotic response of a short journal bearing. Proc. I.Mech.E., Part J. Journal of Engineering Tribology, 214, 387-400.

CELIKEL N. and W. SALEH (2000), Evaluation of employer-based travel demand management measures. University Transport Studies Groups annual conference, University of Liverpool.

CLEGG G.R., P.S. ADDISON, J.N. WATSON, M. HOLZER, F. STERZ and C.E. ROBERTSON, (2000) Hidden structure revealed in ventricular fibrillation using a wavelet decomposition based analysis, Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine, 17, p59. (Abstract of the paper that won the Prize Section of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Faculty of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Royal College of Physicians, London, 3-4 December, 1999.)

CRAIK R.J.M. and SMITH R.S. (2000) Sound transmission through double leaf lightweight partitions: Part I – Airborne sound. Applied Acoustics, Volume 61, No. 2.

CRAIK R.J.M. and SMITH R.S (2000) Sound transmission through double leaf lightweight partitions: Part II – Structure borne sound. Applied Acoustics, Vol. 61, No. 2.

DEAKIN, M. (2000) The development of property asset management:towards a pro-investment form. Journal of Financial Management for Property and Construction, 5 (1/2), 15-32

DEAKIN, M. (2000) The Transition to Property Management. Chandos Publishing, Oxford.

DELANEY F., S.WAMUZIRI, and I.G.N. SMITH (2000), Assessment of financial ratio models for predicting corporate insolvency, 2nd Int. Conference on Decision Making in Urban and Civil Engineering, 1063-1074, Lyon, France.

DOUGAN L.T., P.S. ADDISON and W.M.C. McKENZIEe, (2000) Fractal analysis of fracture: a comparison of dimension estimates. Mechanics Research Communications, 27(4), 383-392.

FRINGUELLINO M. and SMITH R.S. (2000) Sound transmission through perforated brick structures. Journal of Building Acoustics, Volume 6, No. 3/4.

FRINGUELLINO M., SMITH R.S. and PONTILLO M. (2000) Statistical energy analysis as a prediction design tool in building acoustics. (In Italian) Rivista Italiana di Acustica. Vol. 2.

GRIECO, M., HINE, J. and TURNER, J. (2000), Transport and social exclusion. Electronic Ontologies Stream, 8th International Colloquium of the Asia Pacific Researchers in Organisational Studies (APROS), Sydney, Australia, 14-17 December.

GRIECO, M., TURNER, J. and HINE, J. (2000), Transport, employment and social exclusion. Local Work (Monthly Briefing from the Centre for Local Economic Strategies), 26. (no page spans)

GUO Q.L., MAHER M.J. and WAMUZIRI S. (2000) Risk analysis in construction networks using a modified stochastic assignment model. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems Journal.

HERITAGE I. and F.M. KHALAF (2000), Direct electrical curing of concrete. 10th BCA Conference on Higher Education and the Concrete Industry, 69-80.

HERITAGE I., F.M. KHALAF and J. WILSON (2000), Thermal acceleration of concrete using direct electrical curing. American Concrete Institute Materials Journal, 97(1), 1-4.

HINE J., RYE T. and HULSE M. (1999) Using land use planning to manage transport demand: a survey of Scottish experience. Traffic Engineering Control, 40(6), 329-334.

HINE, J. (2000), Transport and social inclusion. Presentation to the City Challenge Partnership and City of Edinburgh Council, 9th October, Craigmillar Festival Society, Edinburgh.

HINE, J. (2000), Transport and social inclusion. Visiting Speakers Seminar at the School of Planning and Housing, 3rd November, Edinburgh College of Art/Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.

HINE, J.P. (2000), Integration, integration, integration……planning for sustainable and integrated transport systems in the new millenium. Journal of Transport Policy, 7 (3),175-177.

HINE, J.P. (2000), Review of Travel Data Sources, Paper presented to Meeting of Transport Statistics User Group, Transport Research Institute, Napier University, Edinburgh, 5th April.

HINE, J.P. and SCOTT, J. (2000), "Seamless, accessible travel: making a public transport journey more like a car journey", Journal of Transport Policy, 7 (3), 217-226.

HINE, J.P., and MITCHELL, F. (2000), The role of transport in social exclusion in urban Scotland. Final Report to Scottish Executive by Transport Research Institute, Napier University, December.

HINE, J.P., GAFFRON, P. and MITCHELL, F. (2000), The role of transport in social exclusion in urban Scotland - literature review. Final Report to Scottish Executive by Transport Research Institute, Napier University, February.

HINE, J.P., RYE, T. and HULSE, M. (2000), Using planning to manage transport demand: a survey of Scottish experience, Local Environment, 5 (1), 33-55.

HINE, J.P., SWAN, D., SCOTT, J., BINNIE, D. and SHARP, J. (2000), Using technology to overcome the tyranny of space – information provision and wayfinding. Urban Studies, Special Issue on Intelligent Urban Development: the Emergence of Wired Government and Administration, 37 (10) 1757-1770.

LOW B.K and SLOAN B. (2000) A perspective on the digital service industry for building professionals. Automation in Construction, 10/2, December, pp229-237 [ISSN 0926-5805]

MACKENZIE R K. (2000) Sound deadening floor construction – the use of multi-density polymer foam to improve impact sound insulation. J. Patents and Designs, UK Patent GB 2325259 B, Publ Date 23 Feb 2000, p 14, [Int Cl E04F 15/20]

MACKENZIE R K. and STEWART M.A. (2000) A prediction of the dynamic stiffness of resilient interlayers with calculated values obtained from the measured acceleration response. J. Building Acoustics, 7(4), pp 297-313. [ISBN 1351 010 X]

MAHER M.J. and ZHANG X. Route choice to maximise the probability of arrival within a specified time. In: Reliability of Transport Networks (eds. M.G.H. Bell and C. Cassir), Research Studies Press (ISBN 0863802605).

MAHER M.J. and ZHANG X. (2000) Formulation and algorithms for the problem of stochastic user equilibrium assignment with elastic demand. 8th EURO Working Group meeting on Transportation, Rome, September 2000.

MAHER M.J., ZHANG X. and VAN VLIET D. (2001) A bi-level programming approach for trip matrix estimation and traffic control problems with stochastic user equilibrium link flows. Transportation Research 35(1), 23-40.

McDOUGALL, J.R. (2000) Towards a more comprehensive analysis of landfill settlement. Proc.Waste 2000, Warwick, Oct 2000, ed. C.McLardy, Waste Conference Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK, p85-94.

McDOUGALL, J.R. and I.C. PYRAH (2000), Bio-geotechnics of landfill settlement, Wastes Management, IWM Journal, October 2000, pp. 42-44.

McDOUGALL, J.R. and I.C. PYRAH (2000), States of saturation and flow as key inputs in modelling the biodegradation of waste refuse. Proc. Unsaturated Soils for Asia, Singapore, May 2000, pp. 477-482.

MURRAY K.B. and P.S. ADDISON, (2000) Wavelet analysis of an unsteady wake flow. 14th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, Austin, Texas, May 21-24, 2000.

NDUMU A.S. and P.S. ADDISON, (2000) Stochastic subsurface flow and transport in fractal conductivity fields. In: Paradigms of Complexity: Fractals and Structures in the Sciences, M.M. Novak (Editor), World Scientific, Singapore, pp155-165.

NDUMU A.S., P.S ADDISON and I.C. PYRAH, (2000) Monte Carlo simulation of flow and transport within long-range fractal velocity fields. 14th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, Austin, Texas, May 21-24, 2000.

NESNAS, K., and I.C. PYRAH (2000), A stress-strain relationship to solve the singularity resulting from coupling the yield surfaces of Barcelona model. Proc. Unsaturated Soils for Asia, Singapore, May 2000, pp. 243-248.

NESNAS, K., and I.C. PYRAH (2000), Undrained conditions of unsaturated soil using an integral form of the constraints and full Newton-Raphson procedure. Proc. Unsaturated Soils for Asia, Singapore, May 2000, pp. 249-253.

NG K-H., FAIRFIELD C.A. and SIBBALD A. (2000), A statistical approach to brickwork arch bridge assessment, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Structural Masonry for Developing Countries, Bangalore, India..

POTTER S. and RYE. T (1999), Tax and green transport plans: a survey of UK experience. Transport Policy 6, 197-205.

POTTER S., BLACK.C, RYE T. and ENOCH M.(2000) The Potential for Further Changes to the Personal Taxation Regime to Encourage Modal Shift: Stage 1 Report. Report to DETR, London.

RYE T. Contributing author to DETR (1999) Guide for Businesses on the Costs and Benefits of GTPs, DETR, London.

RYE T. (1999) Employer attitudes to employer transport plans: a comparison of UK and Dutch experience. Transport Policy 6, 183-196

RYE T. The development of Green Transport Plans: lessons from the Netherlands Paper to Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington DC, January 2000.

RYE, T. AND McGUIGAN, D. Green Commuter Plans – Do They Work? Final report to Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, Edinburgh.

RYE T., POTTER S., BLACK C. and TAYLOR A. Making the business case for GTPs: is a knowledge of costs and benefits enough? Transportation Research Board conference, Washington DC, January 2000.

RYE T., POTTER S., BLACK.C and ENOCH M. Changing the tax system to promote mobility management: a win:win:win for employers, staff and Governments? Paper to THINK-UP Thematic Network, Vienna, 3-4 December 2000

RYE T., SAUNDERS J., ÇELIKEL N.A. and SALEH, W. (1999) Edinburgh City Car Club goes live. World Transport Policy and Practice, September.

SALEH W. (2000), Urban road-use pricing: technically optimal or politically feasible? University Transport Studies Groups annual conference, University of Liverpool.

SALEH W. (2000), Measuring attitudes to road-use pricing using theory of planned behaviour. 9th International Association for Travel Behaviour, Gold Coast, Australia.

SCOTT, J., HINE, J.P., ASPINALL, P., SWAN, D. SHARP, J. and BINNIE, D. (2000), Wayfinding: Cues, clues and information needs. Proc. 10th International Mobility Conference, 4th-7th August, University of Warwick.

SLOAN B. (2000) Current developments in internet-based electronic data interchange (EDI) and the implications for the construction industry. Property Management, 4(2), pp23-30 [ISSN 1648-0635]

SLOAN B. (2000) Internet Editorial. Facilities, 18(13/14), MCB Press, November/December 2000, p495 [ISSN 0263-2772]

SLOAN B. (2000) Property Management, 4(2) [Zavadskas E, Sloan B and Kaklauskas A (eds.)], Vilnius "Technika", Lithuania, 58p [ISSN 1648-0635]

SLOAN B. (2000) Current developments in electronic commerce: a review for the property and construction industry. Television Education Network, London, April, 32pp

SLOAN B. (2000) Current developments in electronic commerce: what it means for the property and construction industry. RICS Research Review Series, RICS Research Foundation, London, May, 26pp [ISBN 1-84219-0148]

SLOAN B. (2000) Internet Editorial, Facilities, 18(10/11/12), MCB Press, September/October 2000, pp338-339 [ISSN 0263-2772}

SLOAN B. (2000) Internet Editorial. Facilities, 18(1/2), MCB Press, January/February 2000, pp6-7 [ISSN 0263-2772]

SLOAN B. (2000) Internet Editorial. Facilities, 18(3/4), MCB Press, March/April 2000, pp100-101 [ISSN 0263-2772]

SMITH R.S., POMPOLI R. and FAUSTI P. (2000) An investigation into the reproducibility results of the European ILT programme. Journal of Building Acoustics, Volume 6, No. 3/4.

SMITH R.S. (2000) PTB Report: Theoretical investigation of the inter-laboratory results on sound transmission through heavy solid walls. July 2000.

STEWART M.W., SMITH R.S., RIBICHINI F. and FRINGUELLINO M. (2000) The role of auditory neural input in SIDS: a review and hypothesis: Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine, Vol. 5-1.

STRADLING, S., HINE, J.P. and WARDMAN, M. (2000), Physical, cognitive and affective effort in travel mode choices", Travel Mode Choice Symposium, International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology, Berne, 4th – 7th September.

SWAN, D., SHARP, J. BINNIE, D., HINE, J.P., SCOTT, J. and ASPINALL, P. (2000), The Development of a Beacon Based Auditory Location Finder (ALF), Proc. 10th International Mobility Conference, 4th-7th August, University of Warwick..

TAYLOR M.D., S.C. WAMUZIRI and I.G.N.SMITH (2000), Analysis of risk in construction automation investment. 17th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, 109-115, Taipei, Taiwan.

WARDMAN, M., HINE, J.P. and STRADLING, S. (2000), Interchange and travel choice: Volume 1. Final Report to Scottish Executive, Institute for Transport Studies University of Leeds and Transport Research Institute, Napier University, March.

WARDMAN, M., HINE, J.P. and STRADLING, S. (2000), Interchange and travel choice: Volume 2. Final Report to Scottish Executive, Institute for Transport Studies University of Leeds and Transport Research Institute, Napier University, March.

WATSON J.N., P.S. ADDISON, G.R. CLEGG, M. HOLZER, F. STERZ and C.E. ROBERTSON, (2000) Evaluation of arrhythmic ECG Signals using a novel wavelet transform method. Resuscitation, 43(2), 121-127.

WATSON J.N., P.S. ADDISON and A. SIBBALD, (2000) Temporal filtering of NDT data using wavelet transforms. 14th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, Austin, Texas, May 21-24, 2000.

WILLIS, A., KUKLA, R., HINE, J.P., and KERRIDGE, J. (2000), Developing behavioural rules for an agent based model of pedestrian movement, European Transport Conference, September, Cambridge.

ZAGYAPAN M. and FAIRFIELD C.A. (2000), The use of continuous surface wave and impact techniques to measure the stiffness and density of trackbed materials, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Railway Engineering, London.

ZAGYAPAN M., BENSALEM A., SIBBALD A. and FAIRFIELD C.A. (2000), Measurement of granular fill compaction using low frequency vibration testing, J. Low Frequency Noise, Vibration & Active Control, 19(3), 151-169.